Cryonics

That is not dead that can eternal lie,
and with strange aeons even death may die.
- H.P. Lovecraft

Margaret, Paul, I wish you the very best and it is my most fervent desire that we meet again, hopefully in a time and place where we can laugh and reminisce about the dark ages from which we were so lucky to have made our escape from...
- Mike Darwin

Cryonics is the preservation of dead persons at temperatures low enough to practically stop decomposition, with the intent of future revival. While there is experimental evidence attesting to the conservation of vitrified tissue and the possibilities of repair; the decision to undergo cryonic preservation after death is an act of faith, not of science.

Overview

Robert Ettinger dreamed of a time machine that would bridge the gap between today's patients and tomorrow's medicine.

The two main ideas behind cryonics are Information-Theoretic Death and the technology vitrification. The first idea is the idea that our criteria for death has changed as our technology and our understanding of biology has changed. In the 1800s, a person who drowned was considered dead. Information-theoretic death is the 'ultimate' death, the one that we know as fact is irreversible, and does not depend upon a changing understanding of nature. Information theoretic death is reached when the body (Especially the brain) has been damaged to the point that it is beyond repair; where repair means having enough structure and contextual information to bring the brain, along with the personality, memories and attitudes that it contains, back to a functioning state. If tissues have been properly preserved, this revival could be accomplished through a variety of ways, but even the best methods leave behind irreparable damage, which means memory loss and personality changes, and other neurological (Motor control) damage. The latter is sufficiently generic to be repaired when that kind of technology arrives, the former is unique to each person and impossible to recover.

The second idea, vitrification, is a process through which tissue is lowered to cryogenic temperatures without freezing or forming ice. The most widely believed myth about cryonics is that when people are frozen, ice inside their cells bursts and destroys tissue irreparably. This is false on two points: Modern cryonics uses cryoprotectants which prevent ice damage by vitrifying instead of freezing, and the water that forms ice is mostly outside the cells. A common argument against cryoprotectants is that they are toxic: While true, this only affects the prospects of suspended animation through vitrification, since cryonics patients would probably be revived through more complicated means than just thawing them and applying CPR once a cure for what killed them is found.

History

The historical predecessor of cryonics was, of course, the mummification of pharaohs by the ancient Egyptians.

Possibly the oldest reference to the general idea of cryonics can be found in a letter written by Benjamin Franklin:

To Jacques Dubourg.
I wish it were possible... to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America a hundred years hence, I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But... in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection...
I am, etc.
- B. FRANKLIN.

Cover of The Prospect of Immortality

The cryonics movement began in 1962 with the publication of two books: The Prospect of Immortality by Robert Ettinger; the first non-fiction book to seriously consider and advocate cryonics, and the privately-published Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now by Evan Cooper, which also advocated cryonics, under the name of a "freezing program". The former reached the masses in 1964 when reprinted and distributed by Doubleday following a suggestion by science-fiction author Isaac Asimov.

It was Cooper who founded the world's first cryonics and Immortalism organization, the Life Extension Society; whose purpose was to create a world-wide network of Cryonics organizations. Believing it would not be a plausible option in his lifetime, Cooper ended his involvement in cryonics in 1970. He was a boat carpenter and sailor for the next 13 years of his life until being lost at sea.

1964 - 1972

"It was show business. I never wanted to freeze people if I had to dig them up and they’d been embalmed. But Ettinger said, ‘Freeze ‘em, they’re better off frozen than not frozen.’" - Curtis Henderson

This section has a draft. A draft is a collection of quotes, information and sources in unordered form, that can be used to build the text of the section. You can view it by editing this section.

Chatsworth Scandal

"The stench near the crypt is disarming, strips away all defenses, spins the stomach into a thousand dizzying somersaults." - Walker, David: "Valley Cryonic Crypt Desecrated, Untended." Valley News newspaper, June 1979.

Ann DeBlasio enters the Forever Flask.

The remains of Ann DeBlasio and an unidentified woman. Photo by Mike Darwin.

After James Bedford was cryopreserved, Robert Nelson looked for a cooperative mortician for future cases. In September of the same year, he received a letter from Joseph Klockgether, in reply to an ad placed in Mortuary Management magazine. Nelson replied, claiming he had received offers from 147 mortuaries, but Mr. Klockgether's letter had caused such an impression on him that he had chosen him.

Mr. Klockgether, who owned the Renaker Mortuary at Buena Park, California; accepted the flattery which a decade later led to a million-dollar lawsuit. The first 'patient' under his care was Marie Phelps-Sweet, who died in the summer of 1967 and was stored in dry ice at the mortuary due to lack of proper storage facilities. Helen Kline followed, again suffering storage at dry ice (While it is a coolant, its temperature is significantly higher than that of Liquid Nitrogen, so long term storage causes significant decay). Mrs. Kline had virtually no money; and so Nelson continued keeping his patients in dry ice. Decades later he complained that he had to drive 200 miles every day, carrying dry ice to mantain care, and that this ruined the upholstery of his car. (He drove a Porsche, and couldn't afford a simple dewar).

In September of 1968, Russell Stanley (The most 'gung-ho cryonicist' Nelson had ever known) died of a heart attack. He was frozen after 24 hours of ischemia; and left behind a substantial sum of money (Between $5,000 and $10,000, according to different sources). He was the third patient to be stored in dry ice at Mr. Klockgether's mortuary, while Nelson used the funds to build a storage facility. At this point, Mr. Klockgether was insisting that Nelson finish his facility, since a California mortuary license only allows temporary storage of dead persons. "Get your facility built, Bob." He recalled saying in a later interview "Build the facility, Bob. I have to get these people out of here!".

Robert Nelson at a press conference, announcing the cryopreservation of James Bedford.

Robert Nelson stands next to a Liquid Nitrogen tank with "Cryonic Interrment" written on the side. The location where this photograph was taken remains unknown.

In 1969, the facility remained incomplete; yet Nelson gave an interview to Cryonics Reports magazine claiming it already existed. He claimed patients were stored in containers 14 feet in diameter (pictured), capable of holding 15 to 20 people. Each of these patients, he claimed, were stored in pods "very similar to the units that were used in 2001: A Space Odyssey," and were "moved by a series of stainless steel cables that guide them into position, and they can be introduced and retrieved at will". It should be noted that the picture in the magazine, besides being fake, was of a tank destined to the storage of bulk nitrogen, and could not possibly have stored cryonics patients.

Marie Bowers, daughter of Louis Nisco, who had been cryopreserved by Ed Hope of CryoCare Equipment Corporation, met Nelson at a cryonics conference and showed her an artist's rendering of the facility, showing technicians with lab coats standing in front of capsules with viewing windows, gauges and dials. He convinced her to turn her father over to his care, saying he would pay $1,100 to Ed Hope to cover her long term storage debts, and she would have to pay less than $50 a month for maintenance. Nelson opened the dewar, and placed Marie Sweet, Helen Kline and Russ Stanley inside. "We put this one in head first, that one in feet first," Klockgether stated. "It didn't look like there was room, but they fit". Later on, Mike Darwin contacted the welder that had sealed the dewar, who described it as one of the worst experiences of his life, claiming he could smell hair and flesh burning as he welded the inner can shut. The tank was only meant for one person, leaving little room for Liquid Nitrogen, something none of the relatives of any of the patients were informed of.

Unable to store it in a non-existent facility, Nelson stored it in Klockgether's garage. In July of 1970, Ms. Bowers wrote to Nelson, saying she could not continue paying, but hoping her father would remain in cryopreservation. The facility was finally completed in the same year: Two 8 by 10 feet concrete vaults undernath a 10 by 20 feet plot in the Oakwood Park Cementery in Chatsworth, California. The lot cost $3,872.

While the single storage dewar was filled with four patients; Nelson searched for new members. He visited Iowa where Terry and Dennis Harris, brothers and sons of Mildred Harris, said they wanted to have their mother, who they thought was dyeing, "perfectly preserved". For $10,000, he stored Harris in dry ice, and even disinterred her husband, Gaylord Harris.

The next case was eight-year-old Genevieve de la Poterie, who died from kidney cancer that metastasized to her lungs. Nelson claimed to have a deep emotional concern for the girl, stating that he "adopted her like my own child" and that "I loved her, and I watched her slowly get sicker and sicker... I never saw this little girl smile till we took her to Disneyland... I told her mother I was going to speak French to the little girl, to make her smile, and that was the only time I saw her smile. Heartbreaking." She died in January of 1972 and was stored in dry ice.

The problem of storage was solved in the same way: Steven Jay Mandell was a 24-year-old Aerospace Engineering student who died in 1968 and was frozen by the Cryonics Society of New York. The cementery that housed CSNY's facilities evicted them, not due to unpaid rent but after the realization that cryonics would not be a profitable business venture for them. Pauline Mandell, Steven's mother, and Nick DeBlasio (Who were romantically involved at the time), whose wife died of breast cancer at the age of 43 and later joined the cast of CSC's victims; objected to the two being transferred to a leased facility in Farmingdale, L.I., NY, insisting that the only legal place to store cryopatients was a cementery. Nelson convinced Pauline Mandell to transfer the tank to him, in exchange for charging a reduced fee for Liquid Nitrogen. Ann DeBlasio was only moved to Mt. Holiness Cementery on 17 September of 1971.

"What I had in mind," Nelson said in an interview, "is that this capsule could hold 3 or 4 people. Perhaps I misled her. But on the other hand, perhaps I didn't, you know? I told her I would do my very best to keep that capsule in operation, as long as I possibly could. What more could I promise her than that?". Mildred Harris and Genevieve de la Poterie were moved from dry ice to the Mandell dewar, which was stored at Chatsworth.

In October 1974, Nelson quit his position of president of the Cryonics Society of California; stopped maintaning the tanks and went to Hawaii. In a letter to Marce Johnson, former treasurer of CSC, he wrote: "I am maintaining the facility--have installed a new alarm system and ordered an additional capsule." Nelson started spreading rumors about CSNY, saying the patients were not fully submerged and that their heads were above dry ice temperature. Mike Darwin called Curtis Henderson, who told him to come over and see for himself the state of the facilities. "He was visibly nervous," Darwin said. "One eye kept twitching the whole time. I asked him more and more questions, and he got more and more evasive." Nelson had stated that he had no formal arrangement for LN2 deliveries, that he was friends with a driver of a Liquid Nitrogen delivery tank who'd give him what was left over. When Darwin tried to confirm this, not only did the suppliers find the idea ridiculous, they asked if he knew Nelson for he owned them several hundred dollars worth of Liquid Nitrogen bills. Virginia Gregory, President of Gilmore Liquid Air, said Nelson had kept two LS-160 delivery dewars worth almost $7,000, in today's dollars.

Nelson's fraud was found out in 1979, when Genevieve's father began wondering whether his child was properly preserved. Klockgether told him the suspicion might be justified, and on April 2 of 1979 he disinterred Genevieve; who had decomposed. A local journalist picked up the story; and the Harris brothers found out. Dennis was vacationing in Acapulco, where he told the story to a stranger, who has the brother-in-law of attorney Michael Worthington. He was trying to collect a cryonics-unrelated debt from Robert Nelson. In June, of that same year, Worthington and a news team smashed the lock of the door to Nelson's vault. All of the patients had thawed and decomposed, the Liquid Nitrogen having long vaporized. An observed claimed that the bodies had "sludged down into what I can best describe as a kind of a black goo." "I never promised anyone anything." Nelson was quoted as saying. "They had cameras and would zero in, maybe, on a fly on top of the vault, and say, Oh, the stench! But there was no stench whatsoever."

The victims of the Cryonics Society of California were: Mildred Harris, Marie Phelps-Sweet, Steven Mandell, Louis Nisco, Genevieve de la Poterie, Helen Kline, Russ Stanley, Clara Dostal, Gaylord Harris, Pedro Ledesma, and the eight year old son of an Orange County ADA. The scandal affected cryonics for the rest of its history: There were almost no signups in the early 1980s. Matt Groening, who had followed the Chatsworth Scandal in his youth, was unboudtedly inspired by it when the pilot episode of TV series Futurama featured a company called Applied Cryogenics: No power failures since 1997. Cryonics became a joke.

In 1980, Chatsworth was repeated when the dewar that contained Ann DeBlasio and a still unidentified woman was recovered: The bottom of the dewar had rusted (Even thought it was made from stainless steel), it had been sitting in six inches of water on a concrete hole on the ground (The 'facility' Nick DeBlasio and Robert Nelson had built). The dewar had long lost its vacuum and the bodies of the two women thawed and decomposed. Nick DeBlasio tried to freeze his late wife yet again, but the Los Angeles court ordered that her remains be buried.

1972 - 1981

Trans Time put in place the first scientific perfusion and storage facilities in the world. Photo by Mike Darwin, 1981.

In 1972, Alcor was founded as a response team for the Cryonics Society of California.

In the early 70's, a Bay Area mathematics grad student named Art Quaife, along with electrical engineer John Day, Paul Segall and other cryonicists, decided to form Trans Time, Inc.. TT's focus was to reboot cryonics as a legitimate business and medical practice. Their perfusion equipment was purchased from Manrise Corporation and they developed the first complete business model of cryonics, and were the first to undertake the effort of clarifying legal issues surrounding the practice. They were also the first to actively market cryonics.

The cryopreservation of Ray Mills. The tissue is edematous due to the toxicity of DMSO. Photo by Mike Darwin.

Facilities for perfusion and storage were set up in Northen California, on the same year of the first scientific human cryopreservation, that of Ray Mills (pictured). This first step showed the need for research and animal testing in cryonics: The image shows severe edema, due to the use of DMSO in the perfusion. Dimethyl sulfoxide has excellent cellular permeability, allowing it to cryopreserve the most tissue; however, a factor that was unknown to them was that it caused severe edema, which in turn worsens perfusion by constriction of the blood vessels.

In 1976, the Cryonics Society of Michigan was transformed into the Cryonics Institute and the Immortalist Society.

By 1979, Alcor had achieved good control over the perfusion and cooling. The latter, for example, was improved by replacing the use of dry ice cooling with immersion in a bath of isopropanol (Alcohol).

1981 - 1991

Jerry Leaf was a cardiothoracic surgeon and Vietnam veteran who brought unprecedented medical expertise to cryonics, until his death and cryopreservation in 1991. His sudden absence drastically hurt the quality of cryonics.

Cryonics as practiced in the eighties reached a standard of care (If not cryoprotection, considering that Glycerol was still being used) comparable (If not exceeding) that of mainstream medicine. All of this lasted until September of 1991.

"Jerry Leaf is dead of a heart attack in the emergency room of Downey Community hospital." With this, and with Mike Darwin temporarily leaving to pursue cryobiological research, ended the best era of cryonics.

1991 - Present

At that time [of Jerry Leaf's cryopreservation], Mike Darwin wrote that the news of Leaf's death was like waking up and discovering that the law of gravity had been abolished.
- Charles Platt

Evidence

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States of life. (See Information-Theoretic Death)

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Scientists' Open Letter on Cryonics

To whom it may concern,
Cryonics is a legitimate science-based endeavor that seeks to preserve human beings, especially the human brain, by the best technology available. Future technologies for resuscitation can be envisioned that involve molecular repair by nanomedicine, highly advanced computation, detailed control of cell growth, and tissue regeneration.
With a view toward these developments, there is a credible possibility that cryonics performed under the best conditions achievable today can preserve sufficient neurological information to permit eventual restoration of a person to full health.
The rights of people who choose cryonics are important, and should be respected.

• Full text and list of signatories

Viability of Vitrified Tissue

• Cryopreservation of rat hippocampal slices by vitrification, Yuri Pichugin, Gregory M. Fahy, Robert Morin. Cryobiology: International Journal of Low Temperature Biology. Link.

Criticism

Interestingly (and somewhat to the author’s surprise) there are no published technical articles on cryonics that claim it won’t work. - Ralph Merkle

Most criticism of cryonics arises from fundamental misconceptions (For example, that cryonics involves freezing) and ignorance of current cryopreservation techniques and procedures.

Martinenaite/Tavenier

Abstract:

The preservation of cells, tissues and organs by cryopreservation is a promising technology nowadays. However, the primary purpose of this science has been diverted to a doubtful technology, cryonics. Cryopreservation techniques are now being adapted with the aim of preserving people’s bodies after death in hope that in the future, medicine will be able to revive them. In this report we analyze both scientific and social issues involved with this technology. We first studied the events taking place in the cells during regular freezing. Various research experiments show that freezing causes damage to the cells. Therefore, vitrification presented by cryonics companies as an alternative, seems to be reasonable. We also looked at all the difficulties of this procedure and at the injuries that such a treatment could cause to the human body. Studies show that the vitrification procedure suppresses the injuries related to freezing but the use of cryoprotectants, although necessary, is toxic to the cells. Organs, such as kidneys, are the largest entities ever vitrified and thawed with success. By analyzing all present scientific data, we conclude that there is a limit to the size of living matter that can be cryonised effectively; therefore we conclude that it is not possible to cryonize an entire human body with the current technology without causing severe damage to it.

• Paper

While definitely great progress from most cryonics 'criticism' to date, the paper seems to address the well-known fact that reanimation from cryopreservation is impossible (Or nearly so) due to the toxicity of cryoprotectant solutions. The most discussed methods of revival, Molecular Nanotechnology and Whole Brain Emulation are not discussed.

Philosophy

While it's sad that people focus on philosophical issues instead of the myriad technical and social problems that plague cryonics, along with its attachment to a history of failure and incompetence, philosophical concerns should still be addressed.

By far the biggest philosophical concern people put forward against cryonics is the issue of continuity of consciousness. In these debates, people can easily talk past each other by using different definitions of what constitutes consciousness and how this relates to personal identity. In general, we have two definitions of consciousness:

• Real Definition: Consciousness is self-awareness, and thus becomes discontinuous during sleep, unconsciousness, et cetera.
• Alternate Definition: Consciousness is defined as a subset of (Or the totality of) brain activity, and thus a person's consciousness remains continuous during sleep and what is usually called 'unconsciousness', and only stops when brain activity ceases (Medico-legal death, not necessarily Information-theoretic).

But what is relevant is not the definition of consciousness, but how this matters to personal identity. Again, here we have two opinions:

• Definition 1: Personal identity is a person's personality and memories. Consciousness is fundamental to life, of course, but its continuity is not fundamental to personal identity (It uses the Real Definition of consciousness).
• Definition 1: Personal identity is a person's personality, memories, and continuous consciousness (It uses the Alternate Definition of consciousness). When consciousness becomes discontinuous, the identity 'stops' and ceases to exist.

Under Definition 1, cryonics patients will be the same person (± brain damage). Under the second definition, when they are repaired, the patients are fundamentally different people who claim to be the same as the original and only shre personality and memories.

Organizations

Alcor

The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a Scottsdale, Arizona based nonprofit cryonics company. Incorporated in 1972 as the 'Alcor Society for Solid State Hypothermia' by Fred and Linda Chamberlain, Alcor is currently the largest cryonics company in the world.

Alcor's first cryopreservation took place in 1976 on A-1001, Fred Chamberlain's father. Initially, Trans Time provided long term storage until 1982.

The Alcor Patient Care Bay in 1987. Pictured are the Cephalarium, an upright MVE, and James Bedford's Galiso dewar (Right, horizontal, barely visible). Photo by Mike Darwin.

The Alcor Patient Care Bay today. Hugh Hixon refills a dewar while Mike Perry observes. Photo by Murray Ballard.

The building of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation

• Alcor Website
• Procedures
• Cryonics Myths
• FAQ
• Scientist's FAQ
• Index of Cases (See Patients)
• Cryonics Magazine Archives

Alcor Criticism

• 

  The operating room was unkempt. The floors were scuffed, stained, dirty, and had obviously not been waxed in a long time. [...] I wouldn’t consider medical treatment in a facility with this appearance – nor for that matter would I like to dine in a restaurant with a kitchen in such a state. - Mike Darwin<ref>A visit to alcor</ref>

• 

  Cryoprotective tubing dangling from pump console in a Ziploc bag; proper gas-permeable sterilization wrapping was not being used.

• 

  Dust covers the lower shelf of the stainless steel data acquisition cart.

• 

  Bloody contamination fills a defect in the seam of the neuroperfusion chamber.

• 

  The drain line of the neuroperfusion chamber empties its biohazardous waste in a ~20 liter Costco Kirkland detergent bucket.

• 

  Access to the patient care bay is restricted by a blast and bullet proof steel door and window. The curtain is retractable steel.

• 

  Looking into the Patient Care Bay, one can see dangling pieces of insulation. Other than the reinforced door and windows, the rest of the Bay seems to be made of plywood.

[...] Saul Kent invited me over to his home in Woodcrest, California to view videotapes of two Alcor cases which troubled him – but he couldn’t quite put his finger on why this was so.[...] Patients were being stabilized at a nearby hospice, transported to Alcor (~20 min away) and then CPS was discontinued, the patients were placed on the OR table and, without any ice on their heads, they were allowed to sit there at temperatures a little below normal body temperature for 1 to 1.5 hours, while burr holes were drilled, [...] smoke could be seen coming from the burr wound! Since the patient had no circulation to provide blood to carry away the enormous heat generated by the action of the burr on the bone, the temperature of the underlying bone (and brain) must have been high enough to literally cook an egg. In one case, a patient’s head was removed in the field and, because they had failed to use a rectal plug, the patient had defecated in the PIB. The result was that feces had contaminated the neck wound, and Alcor personnel were seen pouring saline over the stump of the neck whilst holding the patient’s severed head over a bucket trying to wash the fecal matter off the stump. These are just a few of the grotesque problems I observed.[...] - Mike Darwin<ref>A visit to alcor</ref>

Cryonics Institute

The Cryonics Institute is the second largest cryonics organization, a member-owned non-profit; incorporated in Michigan on the 4th of April of 1976 by Robert Ettinger, Mae Junod (Later Mae Ettinger) and Walter Runkel. Only two cryopreservations took place in its first two decades (Both Ettinger's family).

The old Detroit facility in 1987. Photo by Mike Darwin.

The Cryonics Institute's current location, the Erfurt-Runkel Building.

CI Criticism

Robert Ettinger believed complex perfusion to ensure excellent cryopreservation was not worth the effort, that future technology would eventually find a way to repair any damage. Because of this, he decided to charge a fraction of the cost of other organizations for basic perfusion and long term care. Ettinger claimed that "anything that has existed, can exist"<ref>Ben Best. The Permafrost Papers. Link.</ref>, meaning that it can exist again if sufficiently advanced technology is developed.

Robert Ettinger, founder of the cryonics movement, claims that "anything that has existed, can exist", meaning that it can exist again. For an unbounded optimist, this would mean that even a cremated person whose ashes have been scattered on the seas could conceivably be reconstructed. In this view, technology beyond our conception could gather enough evidence to reconstruct, atom-for-atom, human beings who vanished hundreds or thousands of years in the past. [...] Ettinger's Michigan-based Cryonics Institute offers suspensions for nearly a quarter of the cost of the California organizations, in part because Ettinger believes that costly perfusion procedures are unnecessary, relying more on future technology repair capabilities.[...] - Ben Best<ref>http://www.cryocdn.org/perma.html#mypci</ref>

This unreasonable optimism has been the source of criticism<ref>Link.</ref> and is the basis of their decision to accept deceased non-Members signed up by their families, even after hours of warm ischemia. These patients now constitute the majority of CI cases and are only straight frozen.<ref="Darwin's CI criticism">http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/02/23/does-personal-identity-survive-cryopreservation/#comment-247</ref>

Basically I was commenting on the operational paradigm at CI, which is pretty much “ritual.” You sign up, you get frozen and it’s pretty much kumbaya, no matter how badly things go. And they go pretty badly. Go to: http://cryonics.org/refs.html#cases and start reading the case reports posted there. That’s pretty much my working definition of horrible. It seems apparent to me that “just getting frozen” is now all that is necessary for a ticket to tomorrow, and that anything else that is done is “just gravy,” and probably unnecessary to a happy outcome. [...] Even in cases that CI perfuses, things go horribly wrong – often – and usually for to me bizarre and unfathomable (and careless) reasons. My dear friend and mentor Curtis Henderson was little more than straight frozen because CI President Ben Best had this idea that adding polyethylene glycol to the CPA solution would inhibit edema. - Mike Darwin<ref="Darwin's CI criticism">

Another criticism of the Cryonics Institute is their submission to the State of Michigan's decision that CI was a cemetery and could thus no longer perform perfusion on site. Because of this cryoprotectant perfusion has to be done by a cooperative funeral direction, and in most cases these are found on the moment and are not properly trained or equipped. Instead of appealing this decision, they accepted it and surrendered control of the patients to the state, unlike Alcor which has been engaged in a variety of legal disputes, to the point of making cryonics legal in California.

Trans Time

According to CI, they have 'has one whole body and two brains'. According to the Daily News of Los Angeles, as of 1990, they have 'five human bodies, two heads and one brain in its main cold suspension capsule'. A second article claims 'has frozen five human bodies, three severed heads, four dogs and three cats'. A 2001 article claims TT no longer has any human patients (Where did they move them? (Other than CI) --Eudoxia 17:08, 17 July 2012 (CDT)).

A newspaper article that lists TT patients before 1980. From the Anchorage Daily News, February 10, 1980.

The old Trans Time facility.

The new Trans Time facility.

TT Criticism

The principal criticism against Trans Time was their for-profit model, in which, if funding ran out, the patients would be thawed and conventionally interred (This is what would've happened to Janice Foote and the Mills couple), unlike other organizations with a pay-once model in which the storage costs for the patients are covered for perpetuity.

Cryonics Society of California

Founded in 1966 by TV-repairman-turned-<redacted> Robert Nelson, CSC carried out the first human cryopreservation, before cryopreserving twelve others and letting the bodies to rot in a cementery.

Nelson had apparently run out of money to maintain the patients in liquid nitrogen, but payed his attorney by selling his Porsche.<ref>Hope on Ice. LA Times Magazine, January 2010. Link.</ref>

In an interview in The Immortalist he stated he was a CI member.

Apparently he tried to start a new cryonics venture, The Continued Life Group. They seem to have had a site, but its existence was only confirmed once and it's not up, and nor does the Web Archive keep copies of it.

There really is no need for a criticism section.

Minnesota Valley Engineering

MVE was a cryogenics company located in New Prague, Minnesota. They manufactured tanks for cryogenic storage of bull semen for the Minnesota Valley Breeders Association. Edward Schuster, the founder and main stockholder, got in touch with Curtis Henderson near a cryobiology conference in 1967. Schuster said he wanted to build tanks, but did not have the tools (At the time, the only Liquid Nitrogen dewars for the storage of human bodies were the CryoCare Equipment Corporation ones, which required constant mechanical pumping to maintain a vacuum).

After purchasing Hoffmann Cryogenics, Schuster was able to build the A-8000. Some of these tanks have been in continuous operation since the 1960s, for example at 21st Century Genetics in New Prague.

Alcor vs CI

Comparison of Services
	Alcor	Cryonics Institute
Costs	Whole Body Patient: $200,000 Neuropatient: $80,000 (Through life insurance)	Whole Body Patient (Lifetime Member): $28,000 Whole Body Patient (Yearly Member): $35,000 (Through life insurance)
Members	968	488
Patients	111	111
Patients Lost	0	0
Services	Standby Stabilization & Transport Perfusion Long Term Care	Perfusion Long Term Care
Non-profit?	Yes	Yes
Incorporated	1972	1976
Staff	11	3
Yearly Fees	$620	$120
Statistics: Members	300px

(Note that CI considers people who have cryopreserved pets or DNA as members. People with cryonics arrangements are a separate category.)

Ideal Cryonics Organization

• Procedures
  • Only trained medical professionals are allowed to do perfusions.
    • And Mike Darwin.
• Outreach and Openness
  • Webcams on 24/7 in both the Patient Care Bay and the Procedures Room.
  • Extensive documentation of every case and every variable and video records of the procedures, published online.
  • Guided tours of the facility explaining every part of the procedure, discussing possibilities of revival, showing the dewars of the Patient Care Bay, how patients are arranged in them, explanations of current research being done, et cetera.
  • Inviting medical professionals and public officials to witness all the procedures for themselves.
• Research
  • Sizeable part of the budget dedicated towards lowering cryoprotectant toxicity, developing new solutions, et cetera.
• Facilities
  • Solar array or other energy collectors for energy independence.
  • Equipment for Nitrogen liquefaction, and power for the same.
  • Dewars
    • Bigfoot or larger stored in CryoSpan-style reinforced concrete silos.
    • Fire and blast proofing around the Patient Care Bay.
    • Reopen the neurovaults.

Procedures

The first set of standardized procedures and equipment used in cryonics

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Pre Arrest

Standby

Alcor has teams of volunteers all over the United States trained to stand by a patient, apply anticoagulants and CPR, and transport the patient until proper cardiopulmonary support can be secured.

Suspended Animation (The company) has an equipped ambulance that is used to stabilize and transport Alcor and CI patients (Of the latter, only those who have explicitly made arrangements with SA). In some cases, a charter jet has to be used to transport the patients.

Pretreatment

The rationale of pharmacological pre-treatment is that cryonics Patients should not have to wait until legal death before application of anti-coagulant and anti-oxidant medications, when much higher levels in blood and tissue can be achieved if these are administered prior to legal death.

The three objectives of pre-treatment are

• Prevent Clotting: Reducing clotting is of great benefit, as it the reason why Heparin is universally applied after legal death. Clotting prevents proper cryoprotective perfusion. In cases where the patient is undergoing surgery, however, clotting is desired, and as such anti-coagulants cannot be administered.
• Prevent Edema: Edematous tissue has the same adverse effects as clotting: Edema constricts blood vessels, sealing large volumes of tissue away from cryoprotectant solutions.
• Prevent Ischmemia: When tissue is deprived of blood flow (And thus Oxygen), especially brain tissue, large amounts of damage occur. Excessive cerebral ischemia can make the best cryonics effort useless, due to the loss of fundamental properties of brain tissue and by causing edema.

Drugs:

• Alpha-tocopherol Form of Vitamin E:
  • Administration & Dose: IV, 20mg/kg, 30 minutes prior to ischemia.
  • Has been shown to significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and neurological damage <ref>STROKE 14(6):977-982 (1983)</ref>
  • has the additional advantage of reducing blood clotting
  • does not have the risk of gastric bleeding associated with aspirin
• Fish Oil (especially salmon oil):
  • Same benefits as the above.
  • reducing the risk of cardiac arrest <ref>MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY 116(1-2):19-25 (1992)</ref>.
• Lipoic Acid:
  • is beneficial in reducing ischemic-reperfusion injury by direct action as well as by glutathione protection and xanthine oxidase inhibition<ref>FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY & MEDICINE; Packer, L.; 19(2):227-250 (1995)</ref>.

• CoEnzyme Q10:
  • has been shown to protect rat endothelial cells from ischemia & reperfusion injury<ref>SURGERY; Yokoyama,H; 120(2):189-196 (1996)</ref>.
  • Human cardiac arrest patients admitted to a hospital within 6 hours of cardiac arrest given a 250 mg loading dose of CoQ10 showed 68% survival compared to 30% of controls.
  • Of the survivors, 36% of the CoQ10 group had good neurological outcome, in contrast to 20% of controls <ref>CIRCULATION; Damian,MS; 110(19):3011-3016 (2004)</ref>.

• N-acetylcysteine:
  • Dose: 15 grams.
  • When infused in human myocardial infarction patients over a 24-hour period it significantly reduced ischemic damage<ref>CIRCULATION 92(10):2855-2862 (1995)</ref>.

• Curcumin:
  • This phytochemical is powerful antioxidant which is several times more potent than Vitamin E<ref>THE JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 21(21):8370-8377 (2001)</ref>

Vitamin C should not be used for ischemia/reperfusion pretreatment. While normally it is an anti-oxidant, it becomes a powerful pro-oxidant in the presence of the metal ions which are released, in large quantities, by ischemic brain tissue.

• Summary: (For patients weighing 100 kilograms)
  • Alpha Lipoic Acid: 600mg per day of the R form, or 1000mg of the Racemic form.
  • CoEnzyme Q10: 500mg per day.
  • Tocopherol: 2,000 IU per day (Equal amounts of alpha and gamma).

Post Arrest

Stabilization

Cooling is performed by placing water ice around the head and on the areas of the body where high-throughput veins and arteries exist close to the surface (The axilla, neck and groin). The damage equivalent of five minutes of room-temperature ischemia, at the temperature of ice, takes 180 minutes to occur.

Transport

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Perfusion

Alcor contract surgeons prepare a patient for perfusion.

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Vitrification

In essence, vitrification is the depression of the freezing point of water until it is below the Glass Transition Point (T_g), at which water and the tissues around it become a glass, and ice formation cannot occur.

Cryoprotectants

A cryoprotectant is any substance that protects biological tissue from freezing damage (Ice formation).

Cryoprotectants such as polyols, sugars and glycols are naturally produced by some forms of life inside the arctic and antarctic circles to protect themselves from the winter. Some arctic salamanders produce glycerol in their livers as a cryoprotectant.

Cryoprotectants can be divided into two categories: Conventional and solutions. Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols, such as Ethylene glycol, glycerol; and dimethyl sulfoxide. Solutions are mixtures of conventional cryoprotectants and/or other chemicals, and are designed to reduce toxicity to biological tissue and increase effectiveness.

M-22

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CI-VM-1

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• More information

Ethylene Glycol

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Glycerol

Source: Mike Darwin. History of DMSO and Glycerol in Cryonics. Cryonics, Third Quarter 2007.

The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant for cryonics patients was first proposed in the founding book of cryonics, The Prospect of Immortality, given that it was the most used cryoprotectant agent at the time (1962-1964) and good preservation of sperm and tissue using glycerol had been demonstrated.

DMSO

DMSO was introduced in the mid-to-late sixties due both to its skin-penetrating, anti-inflammatory properties and the charisma of Stanley W. Jacob, the "father of Dimethyl Sulfoxide".

Propylene Glycol

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Tissue Comparison

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Cooling

In cryonics, several forms of cooling have been used:

1. Dry Ice: The patient is surrounded by dry ice until reaching a temperature of -78.5 ºC.
2. Spraying of Liquid Nitrogen Vapor: The method used by CI consists of placing the patient inside a cooling box on a supine position. Liquid Nitrogen vapor is sprayed from an overhead tube and is distributed by a fan.
3. Isopropyl Alcohol: The patient is immersed in a bath of alcohol.
4. Immersion: The patient, either a Whole Body or a Neuro is slowly immersed in Liquid Nitrogen, with the vapor providing interim cooling. In the case of neuropatients, the Neurocan was placed in a cryogenic dewar which was immersed in the Liquid Nitrogen.

(Note that in cooling the patient is already placed in a sleeping bag or another form in insulation.)

• 

  Lowering a neuropatient into a dewar of liquid nitrogen.

• 

  A cooling box at the Cryonics Institute.

• 

  The cooling equipment used by Alcor.

Long Term Storage

CryoSpan stored its patients in underground steel-reinforced concrete silos.

Whole body patients are stored head-down so that in the event of a leak, the head remains immersed, preventing thawing for some time while the problem is solved. More over, boil off of the Liquid Nitrogen happens continuously and the liquid is only replaced occasionally; because of this, parts of the patient could become exposed to Nitrogen vapor until it the dewar is replenished. This temperature changes can cause additional damage and fracturing from thermal stress.

In the early years, patients were stored in horizontal dewars and later vertically but head-up. Head-down storage was proposed, but relatives of patients at the time said it would be disrespectful to store them on their heads.

Proposals of large, multi-thousand-patient storage facilities have been found in Cryonics literature since its inception. An early example is the article written by Pauline Mandell in Coronet about her son's cryopreservation (See Patients), in which she mentioned proposals for the construction of large 'cryo-sanctorums' several stories tall to house thousands of patients. While a large facility would have the definite advantage of having boil-off times measured in months or years; a simple leak may prove impossible to repair without transferring the patients to other locations with the same storage capabilities. This would involve significant risk in thawing and a potentially exorbitant cost.

HSSV Cryostat

• 

  Cryostats at the Cryonics Institute.

• 

  Patients cryopreserved in a cryostat at the Cryonics Institute (Sleeping bags on wooden planks).

Small MVE

• 

  A small MVE dewar used by CI.

Neurovault

Alcor's 'Cephalarium' (The neurovault) was a blast, earthquake and fire-proof concrete vault used to store a neuropatient dewar. The black rods on the first picture are fire-retardant fire logs.

The neurovault or 'cephalarium' used by Alcor was the world's first radiation, fire, earthquake and blast-resistant store of cryopatients.

Currently the Cephalarium lies abandoned behind the Scottsdale facility, while Alcor's Patient Care Bay is only secured on the wall that can be viewed by visitors.

Bigfoot

• 

  Alcor's 'Bigfoot' dewars.

King Kong

Trans Time's Jim Yount stands near the King Kong.

The King Kong Kapsule, built by Trans Time engineer John Day, was the largest hard-vacuum dewar ever built, and was designed to hold eleven (Whole body) patients, even though its inside diameter was only 64 inches<ref>http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/tsf/Public-Mail/cryonics/archive/333</ref>. The King Kong was put into service in 1990, when Trans Time had enough patients to justify it. The dewar held eight patients, and never performed to specifications <ref>http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=5404</ref> <ref>http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=320</ref>. The Kong's performance was described as "subpar" <ref>John Day, TT's chief of engineering in the October, 1981 issue of Cryonics magazine. "Economics of surrounding a vacuum insulated dewar with additional foam insulation" CRYONICS pp. 13-18</ref> by Trans Time's engineer John Day, as its Liquid Nitrogen boiloff rate was 73 liters per day (1.5% of its capacity boiled off every day). When the Kapsule had 8 patients, this rate works out to a little over 9 liters of Liquid Nitrogen, every day, for every patient: A cost 300% greater than Alcor's<ref>http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/tsf/Public-Mail/cryonics/archive/333</ref>. Because of allthese failures, they never payed more than half the contract price.

The King Kong was finally replaced with a modification of Alcor's design for a four patient dewar, which they called the Son of Kong and had 30% of the boiloff rate of the King Kong.

Forever Flask

An overhead view of Ann DeBlasio being immersed in Liquid Nitrogen.

The 'Forever Flask' was the first dewar built by Minnesota Valley Engineering for the storage of cryopatients. It was made by welding together two standard A-8000 MVE dewars (Used for storage of biological specimens: Tissue cultures, bull semen of the Minnesota Valley Breeders Association), which had 25 neck tube opening; wide enough, but not tall enough, for the storage of two human patients, but not tall enough.

It was built in 1969, using $5,000 of the $11,000 dollars given to CSNY by Nick DeBlasio; and held his late wife and a yet-to-be-identified Beverly Hills woman that Robert Nelson had frozen.

Emergency Procedures

The Liquid Nitrogen storage tank used by the CI provides emergency replenishment capabilities.

At Alcor, in case of an emergency, all whole body patients are to be converted to neuropatients. This would allow the current patient base of Alcor to be stored in two Bigfoot dewars.

In 1983, Trans Time converted three whole-body patients to neuros and transported them to Alcor due to lack of funding for continued cryopreservation. (See Postmortem Examination, Ray Mills and Katherine Mills).

Revival

Damage

The kinds of damage that need to be repaired have been slowly reduced over time, but at present, under the best conditions, the process of cryopreservation still causes severe damage to the Patients.

Cracking

There are two forms of cracking: That which is caused by thermal stress, and that which is caused by cooling below T_g. Cracks are generally few and large, which is far better than many smaller cracks; since from an information point of view they cause little damage.

If revival is attempted through Whole Brain Emulation, then fixing cracks is just a matter of adjusting the images. If it is attempted through some form of Biological Repair, this will require other methods to readjust the severed pieces of tissue.

Glass Cracks

When materials (Not only glasses) are cooled below their vitrification temperature, cracking occurs. Since the T_g of the cryoprotectant solutions is far above the temperature at which Nitrogen liquefies, cracking occurs during the cooling to this temperature, whether tissue has been vitrified or not. If cryoprotective Perfusion is not carried out properly or is compromised by severe ischemic injury, cracking can begin at temperatures as high as -90 ºC.

A solution for this (In properly perfused patients for whom cracking will only occur below glass transition) is Intermediate Temperature Storage.

Whole Brain Emulation

See Whole Brain Emulation

A cryoultramicrotome used to section tissue at low temperatures.

One of these columns is a graph of the activity of a rat's pyramidal neuron under electrical stimulation. The other is an Izhikevich simulation of the same. This shows that reality and abstract models can have different internal behavior and foundations, but produce the same activity.

This approach to cryonics takes the ideas of information-theoretic death and the central tenets of Whole Brain Emulation (Memory and personality are stored in the brain, consciousness arises from material processes, et cetera) and proposes that cryonics patients may be revived by scanning the connectivity and properties of the cells in their brains (For example, with an ATLUM or some form of high-resolution tomography); and that an abstract, computer model of these properties will be very similar to the person who was cryopreserved.

Process

1. The vitrified brain is extracted from the patient. Necessary extra fixatives are applied.
2. The brain is segmented into as many pieces as needed.
3. Each piece is laminated and scanned by a cryoultramicrotome, ATLUM or some other machine.
   1. Current technology is rather slow, but new massively-parallel electron microscopes are being, developed, primarily by the semiconductor industry. The speed of scanning depends on how many machines you have.
4. A stack of electron micrographs is built, one for every slice.
5. Noise is eliminated, different electron micrographs at the same height are pasted together by inferring edge connectivity.
6. An edge detector traces the contours of neurites and cellular structures.
7. Other algorithms detect intracellular structures of interest (Polyribosome complexes).
8. This is done for every layer.
9. Another algorithm joins the edges in different layers, creating a 3D model of the brain.
10. Another algorithm uses that model to create a graph of the connectivity of the brain. Each node in this graph is a neuron, and the neuron data structure is supplied with all the necessary extra information acquired by step 7.
11. After the scan is complete, the graph is stored in a neuromorphic computer; a machine where every processor is a hardware implementation of some model of neurons.
12. The graph at the lowest level of the stem is joined with a species-generic graph of the connectivity of the spine, ie: Axons of the brain are matched to virtual nerve endings.
13. The simulation of the body and brain, either connected to a robot or virtual avatar, is started.

Molecular Nanotechnological Repair

See Molecular Manufacturing

The approach of using Molecular Nanotechnology to revive cryonics patients dominated the discussions of the future of cryonics for over a decade since the publication of Engines of Creation, but has now mostly shifted to a historical curiosity.

Postmortem Examination

So far, only three postmortem, post cryopreservation examinations of cryonics patients have been carried out, all three in the 1980's. Some of the data was lost and most of the images are low quality due to being scanned from black-and-white publications. Medical examination provides a chance to examine the damage caused by cryonic preservation to patients on both the macroscale. They also provide the only opportunity to safely remove tissue for histological examinations, due to the fact that extracting tissue from a patient in Liquid Nitrogen could cause severe fracturing and damage from thermal stress, especially if one wishes to extract tissue near the brain or from it.

James Bedford

Source: Evaluation of the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford After 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension.

1. Dewar
   1. The dewar had been built in mid 1970 and was failing.
   2. The patient's refilled the dewar regularly for 21 years, preventing the patient from experiencing any significant warming. The presence of water ice, still in the form of cubes, confirms this.
2. Body
   1. The patient did not have any visible surface fracture events.
   2. Head
      1. The head is turned to the left and two puncture marks ~1cm apart are visible on the anteriomedial aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Site of injection of the solution).
      2. A frozen, bloody exudade is visible around the mouth and nose, consistent with the presence of a respirator mask and improper chest compressions.
      3. A larger quantity of darker blood appears to have flowed from the mouth during dry ice freezing, as it retains the folds of the wrapping used to cover the patient.
      4. The eyes are partially open and the corneas are white due to ice. The nostrils were flattened, presumably compressed by the weight of dry ice.
      5. The had was fringed with short gray hair.
      6. There were remains of aluminized mylar on the occiput.
   3. Neck
      1. The skin of the left side of the neck is distended with the injection of a fluid bolus into the subcutaneous space.
      2. Examination of the left side of the neck was made impossible by the position of the head.
   4. Limbs
      1. Arms
         1. The skin of the right forearm appeared erythematous and discolored.
      2. Legs
         1. The legs are crossed, with the right foot over the left.
   5. Torso
      1. The skin from the mandible to ~2cm above the areolas appeared erythematous and discolored.
   6. Abdomen
      1. The skin was erythematous.

The general discoloration is probably a product of the injection of pure or highly concentrated DMSO.

• 

  Alcor personnel remove Dr. Bedford from the Galiso dewar.

• 

  Examination of the condition of Dr. Bedford. Slide by Mike Darwin.

Ray Mills

Source: Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension Patients.

1. Dewar
2. Body
   1. Head
   2. Neck
   3. Limbs
      1. Arms
      2. Legs
   4. Torso
   5. Abdomen

• 

  Locations of fractures.

Katherine Mills

Source: Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension Patients.

1. Dewar
2. Body
   1. Head
   2. Neck
   3. Limbs
      1. Arms
      2. Legs
   4. Torso
   5. Abdomen

• 

  Locations of fractures.

Janice Foote

Sources: Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension Patients and Histological Study of a Temporarily Cryopreserved Human.

1. Dewar
   1. The patient had been stored in the Andonian Dewar.
   2. The patient had been stored in an aluminium cassette lined with open-cell urethane foam as insulation.
   3. An overhead crane removed the cassette and placed it on the ground with the patient on a supine position.
2. Body
   1. Head
   2. Neck
   3. Limbs
      1. Arms
      2. Legs
   4. Torso
   5. Abdomen

• 

  The 'Andonian' Dewar that housed the patient (Center).

• 

  Fractures on the hands and wrists of the patient.

• 

  Locations of fractures.

Patients

Below is a list of all people who have been cryopreserved. It is still a work in progress.

Sources:

• Croyonics, July 1992. Link.

Patient Types

Whole Body

The entire body is perfused (with a focus on the brain) and then stored.

Neuro

The arteries and veins of the neck are clamped and the tissue is removed using scalpels. An osteotome driven by a mallet is used to sever the spine.

1960s

1966

Withheld, CC-1

Lived: ? - 22 Apr 1966 Type: Whole Body Organization: CryoCare Equipment Corporation Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a female in her sixties from the Los Angeles area. The patient was removed from preservation after a few months. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The patient had been stored at above-freezing temperature in a mortuary refrigerator after being embalmed for two months before being straight-frozen to liquid nitrogen temperature.<ref=suspensionfailures> Procedure: Unknown.

1967

James Hiram Bedford, Dr., CSC-1 then A-1142
	Lived: 20 April 1893 - 12 Jan 1967 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: TODO COD: Kidney cancer (Metastasized to lungs). Ischemia: TODO Procedure: The patient was not perfused and had pure DMSO injected to his neck. The DMSO failed to circulate due to improperly-performed chest compressions. For details consult the examination.

Marie Phelps-Sweet, CSC-2

Lived: ? - 27 Aug 1967 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a liberal/humanist activist.<ref>http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8709.txt</ref> COD: Unknown. Ischemia: TODO Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice at a mortuary. The patient suffered significant warming during the process of opening the Nisco capsule; removing Louis Nisco; fitting Nisco, the patient and other two patients inside, and resealing the capsule.<ref>Joseph Klockgether, Interview (part 1), Venturist Monthly News, Feb. 1996, 6.</ref>

Louis Tom Nisco, CC-2 then CSC-3

Lived: ? - September 1967 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryo-Care then CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient lived in Detroit, Michigan. He was a chef for a variety of golf clubs and wrote articles on criminology under the name Louis Nicholas. His daughter decided to cryopreserve him, stating "My father died in my mother's arms and I believe if he'd been put in the ground, my mother wouldn't be alive today. . . she loved him that much." He was one of the CSC patients at the time of the Chatsworth Scandal. COD: Heart attack. Ischemia: Patient experienced "some damaging delay"<ref>Michael R. Perry, PhD. Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/suspensionfailures.html</ref>. The patient suffered significant warming during after after Nelson removed opened the capsule, removed the patient and fit him and other three in side, a process which lasted most of a night.<ref=suspensionfailures>Michael R. Perry, PhD. Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/suspensionfailures.html</ref> Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice.

Eva Schulman, CC-3
	Lived: ? - early 1967 Type: Whole Body Organization: CryoCare Equipment Corporation Status: THAWED Bio: Unknown. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice and hauled around in a truck for around a year before being stored by CryoCare Equipment Corporation. Her son soon had her buried.

1968

Helen Kline, CSC-4

Lived: ? - 14 May 1968 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: TODO COD: Unknown. Ischemia: TODO Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice at a mortuary. The patient suffered significant warming during the process of opening the Nisco capsule; removing Louis Nisco; fitting Nisco, the patient and other two patients inside, and resealing the capsule.<ref>Joseph Klockgether, Interview (part 1), Venturist Monthly News, Feb. 1996, 6.</ref>

Donald Kester, Sr., CC-4

Lived: ? - July 1968 Type: Whole Body Organization: CryoCare Equipment Corporation Status: THAWED Bio: The patient committed suicide and was cryopreserved for a year before being thawed and buried by his son, who had the primary financial responsibility, and by late 1969 had become convinced he'd been 'suckered' out of his money. <ref>Cryonics Reports Sep. 1968, 166; CFDA Newsbulletin Nov.-Dec. 1969, 2.</ref>. COD: Suicide (Gunshot). Ischemia: His relatives decided to cryopreserve him 'sometime afterwards'. Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice.

Steven Jay Mandell, CSNY-1

Lived: ? - 28 July 1968 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY then CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 24-year-old student of Aeronautical Engineering at New York University. Newspaper Clipping So apparently Mandell left behind a tape recording of the stuff he liked. I supposed nobody recovered it from the Mandell/Nisco/Kline goo? --Eudoxia 20:14, 5 July 2012 (CDT) COD: Crohn's disease (Adrenal failure from post-operatory complications). Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice. A detailed report on his cryopreservation is available here.

C. Russell Stanley, CSC-5

Lived: ? - 6 Sep 1968 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY then CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a cryonics historian. COD: Heart attack. Ischemia: 24 hours. Procedure: The patient was stored in dry ice at a mortuary. The patient suffered significant warming during the process of opening the Nisco capsule; removing Louis Nisco; fitting Nisco, the patient and other two patients inside, and resealing the capsule.<ref>Joseph Klockgether, Interview (part 1), Venturist Monthly News, Feb. 1996, 6.</ref>

Andrew F. Mihok, CSNY-2

Lived: 1920 - 20 November 1968 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY Status: THAWED Bio: COD: Heart attack. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was placed in dry ice. An account<ref>SCI.CRYONICS lies, inneuendo and cryonet message 1627. Mike Darwin. Link.</ref> states that he was placed in dry ice for a few hours before his wife terminated the arrangements due to lack of funds. A second account<ref>Michael R. Perry, PhD. Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/suspensionfailures.html</ref> states that he was kept in dry ice for two weeks before relatives refused to pay and had him thawed.

1969

Ann DeBlasio, CSNY-3
	Lived: 1926 - January 1969 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: TODO COD: Breast cancer. Ischemia: TODO Procedure: The patient was thawed and recooled like six times; Jesus Christ. Specifically, the patient was first thawed in August 1971.

Paul M. Hurst, CSNY-4

Lived: 1907 - 15 Mar 1969 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 62-year-old man. His son, Paul Hurst Jr., a psychology professor, arranged the cryopreservation; but by 1974 he had moved to Australia, could not longer maintain his father, and so had him conventionally interred. <ref>SCI.CRYONICS lies, inneuendo and cryonet message 1627. Mike Darwin. Link.</ref> COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

1970s

1970

Mildred E. Harris, None
	Lived: ? - September 1970 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: TODO COD: Unknown. Ischemia: TODO Procedure: The patient thawed and decomposed during the Chatsworth Scandal.

Gaylord Harris, None
	Lived: ? - ? Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was exhumed from his grave in Iowa and transported to the CSC facility, where he was left to rot on the floor. <ref>Freezing People Is Easy. Mike Darwin. Link.</ref>

Herman Greenberg, CSNY

Lived: 1928 - May 1970 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 42-year-old male. The patient's body was exhumed with a backhoe by her daughter and preserved. Beverly Greenberg later died of hypothermia sleeping in the CSNY facility. Lack of funding and interest from relatives lead to his thawing and burial, and her cremation. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: Unknown.

1972

Genevieve de la Poterie, None
	Lived: 1964 - 25 Jan 1972 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: TODO COD: Kidney cancer (metastasized to lungs). Ischemia: Minutes<ref>http://cryoeuro.eu:8080/download/attachments/425990/New_Ice_Age_LATimes_WestMagazine_11Jun1972.pdf</ref>. Procedure: The patient thawed and decomposed during the Chatsworth Scandal.

D.L., CSC-
	Lived: 1921 - 13 Nov 1972 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 51-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure:

Clara Dostal, CSNY-6

Lived: - 10 December 1972 Type: Whole Body Organization: Status: THAWED Bio: TODO COD: TODO Ischemia: 45 minutes before cooling begun. Procedure: * Case Report The patient was stored in dry ice for almost a year. Arrangements to have Nelson store the patient in liquid nitrogen did not succeed. The patient was then moved to the Hurst/Greenberg capsule, where she was stored in liquid nitrogen for a few months. The costs and emotional burden eventually lead her two children to terminate the arrangements, and she was interred.<ref>Los Angeles Superior Court case C-161229, Deposition of Claire Halpert esp. 58, 71-72 (Aug. 4, 1978); Deposition of Richard Dostal esp. 64 (Mar. 22, 1979).</ref>.

1974

Mary J. DeMar, TT- then CI-25

Lived: - 4 Feb 1974 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time then the Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was the a 75-year-old female and the mother of Eric S. DeMar, an Illinois sitting circuit court judge who joined CI before being suspended in 1997. His will left instructions for the transfer of both his parents to CI. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: <ref>The Outlook, March 1974.</ref>

Ray Mills, aka Patient 1, TT-1 then A-1056

Lived: 22 Apr 1908 - 09 Feb 1974 Type: Whole Body, converted to Neuro November 2, 1983 Organization: Trans Time then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a Caucasian, 65-year-old male, married to Katherine Mills, who was cryopreserved in 1978. COD: Lethal cerebrovascular accident. Ischemia: The patient deanimated far from a cryonics facility. Perfusion was begun 24 hours after legal death was declared. Equipment failure and severe edema made perfusion difficult. Procedure: Perfusion was performed through the left common carotid artery. Perfusion was open circuit and drainage was done through both the left and right internal jugular veins. The initial perfusate was blood washout with 32 liters of bicarbonate-buffered Ringer's solution. Cryoprotective perfusion was done with 32 liters of glycerophosphate-based perfusate with 15% DMSO (v/v). A Porta-Boy embalming pump was used to deliver the perfusate. The patient had been stored in Liquid Nitrogen by Trans Time for 5 years. Cryonicist Dick Clair donated 20,000 dollars for the patient to be transferred to Alcor as a Neuropatient. Conversion to neuropreservation was done by means of a high-speed electric chainsaw. A Google Newspaper article from 1982 identifies him as Ray Mills from Cumberland, Maryland. There is a record of a Ray Mills who died eight days prior to the patient's cryopreservation. The cryopreservation was done by Trans Time and the patient was transferred to Alcor November 13, 1982. Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension Patients

Michael Baburka, CSNY-
	Lived: ? - 10 Apr 1974 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSNY Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was stored privately by his son for a few months before being buried (Inside his capsule). COD: Unknown. Ischemia: TODO Procedure:

S.P., CSC-
	Lived: ? - 11 Oct 1974 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was the 8-year-old son of an Orange County ADA. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown Procedure: Unknown.

1975

Pedro Ledesma, None
	Lived: ? - 28 Sep 1975 Type: Whole Body Organization: CSC Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 62-year-old male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The patient was not frozen until 26 Jul 1976. Procedure: The patient was stored in a mortuary refrigerator for ten months prior to being stored in liquid nitrogen. The patient thawed and decomposed during the Chatsworth Scandal.

1976

Fred Chamberlain II, A-1001
	Lived: March 28 1897 - 16 Jul 1976 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The father of Fred Chamberlain the third, he was Alcor's first cryopreservation and the worlds first neuropatient. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: TODO Procedure: TODO

Patricia Luna Wilson, TT-3

Lived: 1961 - 2 Oct 1976 Type: Brain Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: The patient was the 15-year-old daughter of science-fiction author Robert Anton Wilson. COD: Beaten to death. Apparent robbery. Ischemia: ~36 hours. A day before her body was found by police, then an autopsy. The coroner agreed not to inspect the brain, and released it to Trans Time. Procedure: The patient's brain was cooled to dry ice then Liquid Nitrogen temperature.

1977

Rhea Chaloff Ettinger, CI-1

Lived: 15 Jan 1899 - 23 Sep 1977 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 78 year old female (Pictured at the age of 18) and the mother of Robert Ettinger. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: Mike Darwin, who performed the cryopreseration, described it as follows: "The rift with Ettinger was over the horrible conditions that existed at CSM which I discovered when I froze his mother: filth, bugs, glycerol in used milk bottles from the Palmolive Soap Company that was so impure it had a yellow-green hue, a perfusion machine built by Walter Runkel in which the rubber tubing had rotted away inside; thus it kept dumping batches of perfusate into the heat exchanger bath! "<ref>http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/02/12/thus-spake-curtis-henderson-part-6-2/</ref> Reference: <ref>http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1148</ref>

1978

Samuel Berkowitz, TT-5
	Lived: ? - 14 July 1978 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was thawed by his family and buried in a concrete container filled with formaldehyde. The family claimed to be committed to immortalism and planned the same form of interrment for themselves. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Katherine V. Mills, aka Patient 2, TT-4 then A-1057

Lived: 6 Jul 1913 - 02 Nov 1978 Type: Whole Body, converted to Neuro November 2, 1983 Organization: Trans Time then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a Caucasian 68-year-old female, married to Ray Mills. A Google Newspaper article from 1982 identifies her as Katherine Mills from Cumberland, Maryland. There is a record of the death of a Katherine Mills who died a day prior to the cryopreservation of the patient. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The patient died far from a cryonics facility. Procedure: The cryopreservation was done by Trans Time and the patient was transferred to Alcor November 13, 1982.

1979

Lucille Rothacker, TT-6
	Lived: 1903 - 22 Jan 1979 Type: Neuro Organization: Trans Time then CryoSpan Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 76-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: The patient was transferred to CryoSpan. References: The Cryonicist!, March 1979. Cryonics, November 1981.

1980s

1980

Wilfred J. DeMar, TT- then CI-26

Lived: - 15 Jan 1980 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time then the Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 79-year-old male and the father of Eric S. DeMar, an Illinois sitting circuit court judge who joined CI before being suspended in 1997. His will left instructions for the transfer of both his parents to CI. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: References: Cryonics, November 1985.

Janice Foote, aka Patient 3, TT-8

Lived: 1944 - 17 Jan 1979 Type: Whole Body then Neuro Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 36-year-old female. Her husband, Marvin Foote, later married Diane Foote. COD: An eight year long fight with cancer. Ischemia: Some hours passed after her pronouncement in a hospital before her husband secured 200 pounds of dry ice. Procedure: References: The Sacramento Bee, 1980 Cryonics Reports, September 1984. Cryonics Reports, November 1985 Anchorage Daily News, February 10, 1980.

Unknown, TT-9 then A-1055
	Lived: - 02 Feb 1981 Type: Neuro Organization: Trans Time then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

1981

Hugh L. Hixon, Sr., TT-10 then A-1055
	Lived: - 2 Feb 1981 Type: Neuro Organization: Trans Time then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 71-year-old male and the father of Hugh Hixon. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

1982

Unknown, None
	Lived: ? - 1982 Type: Neuro Organization: Private Status: Unknown Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was privately cryopreserved and stored by his son. Nothing more is known from this cryopreservation.

1984

Monique Martinot, None

Lived: - 25 Feb 1984 Type: Whole Body Organization: Private Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was the wife of Raymond Martinot, whose son cryopreserved him as well in 2002. COD: Hemorrhage of the iliac vessels (Ovarian cancer). Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: The patient was injected with anticoagulants by her husband and stored in a freezer at -65 degrees Celsius in the cellar of a chateau. The patient's husband payed the bills by allowing people to see the freezer. The patient thawed in 2006 when a freezer malfunction rose the temperature to -20C, and her son decided to stop the effort.

1985

Teresa M. Cannon, A-1068
	Lived: - 12 Feb 1985 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 68-year-old female. COD: Lymphoma. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report: Neuropreservation of Alcor Patient A-1068

1987

Elaine Ettinger, CI-2
	Lived: 22 Dec 1921 - 10 Nov 1987 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: First wife of Robert Ettinger. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Randall B. Robertson, A-1133
	Lived: - 08 Jun 1987 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 29-year-old male. Non-technical Case Report and Comments at Memorial Service COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Dora Kent, A-1082
	Lived: - 11 Dec 1987 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * Dora Kent Q&A Our Finest Hours: Notes On the Dora Kent Crisis COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

1988

Violet Jones, TT-11
	Lived: ? - 12 Mar 1988 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 87-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Mr. M, CSD-
	Lived: ? - Mar 1988 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Society of Canada Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 85-year-old male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was interred in permafrost.

Robert George Binkowski, A-1108
	Lived: 28 Oct 1916 - 08 May 1988 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 72-year-old male. Case Report COD: Cardiac arrest caused by a history of arteriosclerosis and congestive heart failure. Ischemia: The patient's son packed his head in ice within minutes of arrest. Less than fourteen hours later he was on a plane to LAX. Procedure: * Technical Case Report

Alice M. Schwarz, A-1165
	Lived: 9 Sep 1910 - 07 Oct 1988 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * Case Report COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Richard Clair Jones, A-1036
	Lived: 12 Nov 1931 - 12 Dec 1988 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: He donated 20,000 dollars to Trans Time to maintain a husband and wife in storage. Case Report Wikipedia Entry COD: Multiple AIDS-related infections. Ischemia: Procedure:

1989

Eugene T. Donovan, A-1169
	Lived: - 21 Mar 1989 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * Case Report COD: Esophageal cancer. Ischemia: Procedure:

O.C., TT-12
	Lived: - 18 Aug 1989 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: Patient was a 78-year-old male. COD: Sudden cardiac arrest. Ischemia: Procedure:

Cristina Comos, A-1196
	Lived: - 19 Aug 1989 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: Patient was a 21-year-old female. COD: Sudden cardiac arrest. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Bredo Morstoel, TT-13
	Lived: - 6 Nov 1989 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: Patient was a 89-year-old male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

1990s

1990

Cynthia Pilgeram, A-1242
	Lived: - 9 May 1990 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: THAWED Bio: The patient was a 60-year-old female. COD: Complications from long-standing cancer and lung damage from chemotherapy. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was released to a relative via a court order (Link). Case Report

Arlene Frances Fried, A-1049
	Lived: - 9 Jun 1990 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 68-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report Her Blue Eyes Will Sparkle (Daughter's personal account)

Rocco Schiavello, A-1239
	Lived: - 22 Jun 1990 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 30-year-old male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

R.S.D., None
	Lived: - 29 Sep 1990 Type: Whole Body Organization: Private then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 76-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

F.H.,
	Lived: - 22 Dec 1990 Type: Whole Body Organization: Private then CI Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 97-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

M.T., A-1268
	Lived: - 31 Dec 1990 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 88-year-old female. COD: Complications from long-standing cancer and lung damage from chemotherapy. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

1991

Withheld, CI-3
	Lived: ? - 6 Mar 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a ~65-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Fred Sherrill, CI-4
	Lived: ? - 13 Mar 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 61-year-old male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Unknown, None
	Lived: - Jun 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Society of Canada Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was interred in permafrost. <ref>The Immortalist, November 1991</ref>

Jerry D. Leaf, A-1058

Lived: 4 Apr 1941 - 10 Jul 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Sudden cardiac arrest with no prior history of heart disease. An ad hoc medical examination conducted during the cryopreservation showed a 3cm long clot in what appeared to be a coronary vein. The posterior and left inferior walls were dark and edematous, thus, the COD was a massive myocardial infarction. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

D.W., A-1324
	Lived: - 2 Aug 1991 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 62-year-old female. COD: Inoperable gastric carcinoma (metastasized to the liver, pancreas and other organs). Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Walter E. Runkel, CI-5
	Lived: - 7 Oct 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 75-year-old male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

M.C., TT-14
	Lived: - 29 Nov 1991 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 80-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Philip Salin, A-1312
	Lived: - 12 Dec 1991 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 41-year-old male. COD: Gastric cancer (metastasized to liver). Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

1992

Susan White, TT-14
	Lived: ? - 7 Jan 1992 Type: Brain Organization: Trans Time Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 73-year-old female and mother to Jerry White. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Account of the cryopreservation by the patient's son, Jerome Butler White: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Carol C., TT-16 then CI-
	Lived: ? - 10 Mar 1992 Type: Brain Organization: Trans Time then CI Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 42-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

J.D., A-1260
	Lived: ? - 19 Mar 1992 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was as 39-year-old male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Michael L. Friedman, A-1171
	Lived: ? - 01 Jun 1992 Type: Neuro and Whole Body (Stored separately) Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Four gunshot wounds to the back of the head. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1184
	Lived: ? - 19 Jun 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Jim Glennie, A-1367
	Lived: ? - 24 Jun 1992 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * 'A Well-Loved Man', personal account by his wife. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

James Hourihan, A-1410
	Lived: ? - 27 Jul 1992 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-6
	Lived: - 24 Aug 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 50-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Mary Adelynne Marsh, TT-15 then CI-8

Lived: ? - 25 Aug 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time then CI Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 70-year-old female school teacher and the wife of Richard Marsh. COD: Seizure followed by a stroke. Ischemia: The patient was still on an IV and receiving oxygen after pronouncement of death, she was heparinized and on CPR within five minutes, and packed with ice within ninety. It took less than an hour to transport her to Trans Time. Procedure: The patient was stored at the Cryonics Institute.

Withheld, CI-7
	Lived: - 12 Aug 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

John C Erfurt, CI-9

Lived: - 9 Sep 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: John Erfurt was a Director of the Cryonics Institute and 58 years of age when he died. The building is named after him and Walter E. Runkel. He was married to Andrea Foote, who was cryopreserved in 1995. The lack of a period after the C in the patient's name is not a typo, he had a middle initial but no middle name. COD: Sudden cardiac death. Ischemia: The body was not discovered until several hours after clinical death.<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2269958&GRid=28545107&</ref> Procedure:

Withheld, CI-10
	Lived: - 24 Nov 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Charles Amlin, CI-11
	Lived: - 30 Nov 1992 Type: Whole Body Organization: Trans Time then CI Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 94-year-old male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was stored at CI on 2 Dec 1992.

1993

Withheld, A-1401
	Lived: ? - 01 Feb 1993 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 48-year-old male. COD: Suicide. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1399
	Lived: ? - 11 Apr 1993 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 37-year-old male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1487
	Lived: ? - 21 Sept 1993 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The atient was a male. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: Patient was transferred to alcor in December 16, 2008; and accepted as an Alcor Patient in November 19, 2010. (This probably needs clarification if people are not to think that they let a brain to rot in a corner. --Eudoxia 21:39, 2 July 2012 (CDT))

1994

Jerome Butler White, ACS-9577 then CI-61
	Lived: 31 Oct 1938 - 5 Feb 1994 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: AIDS. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was transferred to the Cryonics Institute on 6 April 2004.

Lillian Steinberg, A-1206
	Lived: ? - 30 Apr 1994 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 91-year-old female. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report in Cryonics, 3rd quarter, 1994.

Richard Marsh, CI-12
	Lived: 4 Feb 1913 - 6 May 1994 (Stored 14 May) Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: Richard Putnam Marsh, PhD. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-13
	Lived: - 14 Sep 1994 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Helmer Fredriksson, CI-14
	Lived: - 16 Dec 1994 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a Marine and was married to Marta Sandberg for 23 years. COD: Pituitary brain tumor. Ischemia: Procedure:

1995

Paul Genteman, A-1030
	Lived: - 03 Jan 1995 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report in Cryonics, 2nd quarter, 1995

Margaret Bradshaw, CI-52

Lived: 1954 - 9 Jan 1995 Type: Neuro Organization: ACS (Perfused by BioPreservation, stored at CryoSpan then the Cryonics Institute) Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a long-time cryonics activist and had been an ACS Governor since 1990. She took up flying at the age of 49, and also wrote poetry inspired by that of Jerry White. She cared for White during his standby and was his medical power of attorney. She had been working for Sterling Software, a contractor to NASA Ames, since 1988; as a Project Manager for the Graphics Development Project. Her boss described her job as "riding herd on an extremely talented group of individuals." She wrote the 'Stereographics' chapter of the book From Object Modelling to Advanced Visual Communication, the proceedings of the Eurographics '91 conference in Vienna. She also coauthored On the Theory and Application of Stereographics in Scientific Visualization, presented at the same conference. The patient had been undergoing treatment for chronic depression for several years. Mike Darwin believed that the emotional stress of the Standby and cryopreservation of her friend Jerry White led to her suicide. She had switched medications and had been unable to sleep for at least three days before her suicide. Sally Jessy Raphael interviews Richard Marsh, Margaret Bradshaw, Avi Ben-Abraham (1987) Margaret Bradshaw Suspended by Jim Young (The Immortalist, March 1995). Memorial Service Find A Grave Entry. Email by Mike Darwin. COD: Suicide (Gunshot to the chest). Ischemia: Some hours passed before the patient's head was packed in ice. At 9:30 AM the autopsy was carried out. The Medical Examiner was cooperative, leaving the head out of the procedure and carrying out the autopsy before all others. Procedure: The response team consisted of Sandra Russell, Naomi Reynolds, Edgar Swank, and Jim Yount. The patient was cooled between January 17 and February 15, at a rate not exceeding 0.6 degrees Celsius per hour. The patient was transferred to the Cryonics Institute in 2004.

Withheld, A-1559
	Lived: - About Feb 1995 Type: Neuro Organization: BioPreservation then CryoSpan Status: Unknown Bio: The patient was a female child. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: <ref>The Immortalist, April 1995.</ref>

Anatol Epstein, A-1559
	Lived: - 12 Jun 1995 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report in Cryonics, 3rd quarter, 1995

Mona K. Dick, A-1486
	Lived: - 08 Aug 1995 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report in Cryonics, 3rd quarter, 1995 & Cryonics, 4th quarter, 1995

Withheld, None
	Lived: - Late Aug 1995 Type: Brain Organization: Private then CryoSpan Status: Unknown Bio: The patient was a male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: <ref>The Immortalist, October 1995.</ref>

Withheld, None
	Lived: - About Sep 1995 Type: Brain Organization: BioPreservation then CryoSpan Status: Unknown Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: <ref>The Immortalist, November 1995.</ref>

Andrea Foote, CI-15

Lived: - 6 Oct 1995 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient studied Social Psychology at the University of Michigan. She was a Contract Officer for many years and briefly occupied the position of President of the Cryonics Institute in 1994. She was married to John C Erfurt, another patient at CI. Dr. Foote and her husband, while the University, implemented a wellness program for industrialists such as auto makers, including regular pressure checks, et cetera. In May 5, 1995 she was quoted by The Daily Gazette as saying "It's not that I want to come back, it's that I don't want to die". Some information Newspaper article quoting the patient COD: Ovarian Cancer. Ischemia: The patient died under hospice care watched by her sisters. All the necessary equipment was on hand, creating little delay. Procedure: * Announcement

Withheld, CI-16
	Lived: - 3 Nov 1995 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 100-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Stanislaw Penksa, A-1475
	Lived: - 26 Nov 1995 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

James Gallagher, A-1871
	Lived: - 12 Dec 1995 Type: Neuro Organization: CryoCare then Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: This was the first cryopreservation done by CryoCare. The patient was transferred to Alcor on Jan 24 2001. CryoCare Announcement Case Report

1996

Withheld, CI-17
	Lived: - 28 Jan 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 46-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1600
	Lived: ? - 05 Mar 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report in Cryonics, 3rd quarter, 1996

Withheld, CI-18
	Lived: - 8 Mar 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 86-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-19
	Lived: - 17 Apr 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 75-year-old male. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was stored on 18 May 1996.

Henrietta Popper, A-1872
	Lived: ? - 16 May 1996 Type: Neuro Organization: Template:BioPreservation and Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 80-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was cryopreserved by CryoCare, then transferred to Alcor on Jan 24 2001. Case Report

Walter Cornelius, CI-20
	Lived: - 2 Aug 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1670
	Lived: ? - 19 Oct 1996 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-21
	Lived: - 7 Dec 1996 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

1997

Edward W. Kuhrt, A-1110
	Lived: 28 Dec 1931 - 8 Feb 1997 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Joseph Cannon, A-1069
	Lived: 22 Jul 1915 - 20 Feb 1997 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: Case Report in Cryonics, 3rd quarter, 1997

Eric S. DeMar, CI-22
	Lived: - 4 Mar 1997 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, None
	Lived: - 14 Dec 1997 Type: Whole Body Organization: Private Status: Unknown Bio: The patient was a 38-year-old female. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Horst Gruenler, CI-23
	Lived: - 29 Dec 1997 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was stored on 29 Dec 1997.

1998

Withheld, CI-24
	Lived: - 24 Mar 1998 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was an 83-year-old woman. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-27
	Lived: - 7 May 1998 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 53-year-old Californian man. COD: Cancer. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-28
	Lived: - 29 May 1998 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 54-year-old Pennsylvanian woman. COD: Cancer. Ischemia: Hospital personnel were cooperative, applying Heparin and otherwise assisting immediately after arrest. Procedure:

Natasha Matic, CI-29

Lived: 1910 - 4 Jun 1998 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient, an 88-year-old female, was born in Russia. She lost her parents and two brothers after the Revolution, her first husband during the Soviet invasion of Finland and her children during the Nazi invasion of Russia. She was sent to a Nazi labor camp along with other 3000 women, and was one of the 71 survivors. She remarried after the end of the War and the two traveled to New York seven years later. In 1944, she gave birth to Rudy Matic, who would eventually make her cryopreservation arrangements. Her second husband died in 1974. In 1998, the patient's son and her made inquires about cryonics to CI, but had not become members by June, when she had a stroke and a heart attack. The arrangements were completed on the same day as pronouncement. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Suspension was carried out on the same day as pronouncement. The hospital and mortuary proved cooperative and efficient. Procedure: Unknown.

Withheld, A-2510
	Lived: - 27 Jun 1998 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was transferred to Alcor December 16, 2008 and became a patient March 1, 2011.

1999

Withheld, CI-30
	Lived: - 24 Mar 1999 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-31
	Lived: - 19 Oct 1999 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1215
	Lived: - 25 Aig 1999 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: Case Report in Cryonics, 4th quarter, 1999.

Withheld, A-1755
	Lived: - 28 Aug 1999 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

2000s

2000

Withheld, CI-32
	Lived: ? - 26 Jan 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-33
	Lived: ? - 15 Feb 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Mae Ettinger, CI-34
	Lived: ? - 23 Mar 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was the second wife of Robert Ettinger and an author, feminist, and marriage counselor. She had suffered a debilitating stroke in 1998. COD: Stroke. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-35
	Lived: ? - 16 Nov 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-36
	Lived: ? - 25 Nov 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Gregory Grapski, A-1457
	Lived: ? - 13 Jan 2000 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1573
	Lived: ? - 1 Apr 2000 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

FM-2030, A-1261
	Lived: 15 Oct 1930 - 8 Jul 2000 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Pancreatic cancer. Ischemia: Procedure: This was the first patient to be vitrified.

Withheld, A-1216
	Lived: ? - 09 Dec 2000 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1502
	Lived: ? - 26 Dec 2000 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

2001

Withheld, CI-37
	Lived: ? - 25 Jan 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-38
	Lived: ? - 27 Feb 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-39
	Lived: ? - 28 Oct 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-40
	Lived: ? - 2 Dec 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1705
	Lived: ? - 22 March 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1300
	Lived: ? - 1 June 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1756
	Lived: ? - 10 June 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1894
	Lived: ? - 22 August 2001 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

2002

Raymond Martinot, None
	Lived: ? - 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Private Status: THAWED Bio: See Monique Martinot. COD: Stroke. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: The patient was administered anticoagulants by his son and stored in a freezer above dry ice temperature along with her wife.

Eleanor Williams, A-1876
	Lived: ? - 3 March 2002 Type: Whole Body and Neuro (Stored separately) Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1891
	Lived: ? - 8 Mar 2002 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-2509
	Lived: ? - 1 May 2002 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was transferred to Alcor on December 16, 2008. and was accepted as an Alcor Patient on September 5, 2010.

Withheld, CI-41
	Lived: ? - 29 May 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Ted Williams, A-1949
	Lived: 30 Aug 1918 - 5 Jul 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Cardiomyopathy. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1951
	Lived: ? - 3 Aug 2002 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1194
	Lived: ? - 29 Aug 2002 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-42
	Lived: ? - 28 Sep 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1889
	Lived: ? - 3 Nov 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-43
	Lived: ? - 5 Nov 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient died in Toronto.

Withheld, A-1235
	Lived: ? - 27 Nov 2002 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-44
	Lived: ? - 27 Nov 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1034
	Lived: ? - 19 Dec 2002 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Hugh Hart, CI-45
	Lived: ? - 25 Dec 2002 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

2003

Withheld, CI-46
	Lived: ? - 1 Feb 2003 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: A combination of health problems. Ischemia: The patient died under hospice care. Procedure: The patient was washed out and perfused by a previously trained and equipped mortician.

Withheld, CI-47
	Lived: ? - 21 Feb 2003 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The case was a death bed signup. COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was the first case where Suspended Animation did the Standby, Stabilization and Transport for the Cryonics Institute. SA personnel were at the hospital in Florida for two days prior to death.

Thomas Munson, Dr., A-1217
	Lived: ? - 24 Feb 2003 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, CI-48
	Lived: ? - 27 Feb 2003 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1025
	Lived: ? - 1 Mar 2003 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1234
	Lived: ? - 22 Mar 2003 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, CI-49
	Lived: ? - 4 Jun 2003 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was an emergency signup.

Withheld, CI-50
	Lived: ? - 5 Jun 2003 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was an emergency signup.

Paul Segall, TT-?
	Lived: - 23 Jun 2003 Type: Unknown Organization: Trans Time? Status: Stored Bio: COD: Aortic aneurysm Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: The patient was straight frozen because Trans Time did not think he could be perfused<ref name=cryohistory>http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/history.html</ref>.

Withheld, A-2020
	Lived: ? - 3 Dec 2003 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Thomas Sullivan, A-2077
	Lived: ? - 5 Dec 2003 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * Pictures and Video COD: Ischemia: Procedure: The brain was chemopreserved nine months prior to cryopreservation by the Patient's son. During cooling to LN2 temperature, the patient suffered the largest-amplitude crack on record. See a picture of the brain immersed in LN2.

2004

Withheld, CI-51
	Lived: ? - 13 Jan 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient lived in California. COD: Cancer. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was perfused in a mortuary in California.

Withheld, CI-53
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-54
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-58
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-59
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-60
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-58
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-59
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-60
	Lived: ? - 6 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-62
	Lived: ? - 7 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-63
	Lived: ? - 29 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-64
	Lived: ? - 17 May 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-65
	Lived: ? - 19 Jun 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-66
	Lived: ? - 26 Jul 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-67
	Lived: ? - 24 Oct 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-68
	Lived: ? - 3 Nov 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-2059
	Lived: ? - 3 Mar 2004 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

John Henry Williams, A-2063
	Lived: 27 Aug 1968 - 6 Mar 2004 Type: Whole Body and Neuro (Stored separately) Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was the 35-year-old only son of Ted Williams. COD: Leukemia. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1772
	Lived: ? - 15 Apr 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1562
	Lived: ? - 27 Apr 2004 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2068
	Lived: ? - 13 May 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1099
	Lived: ? - 10 Oct 2004 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1321
	Lived: ? - 22 Oct 2004 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

2005

Withheld, CI-69
	Lived: ? - 13 Aug 2005 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-70
	Lived: ? - 19 Nov 2005 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

John Connole, CI-71
	Lived: ? - 23 Dec 2005 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2024
	Lived: ? - 16 Apr 2005 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2172
	Lived: ? - 19 May 2005 Type: Unknown. Organization: Alcor Status: THAWED Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The cryopreservation was terminated by the relatives, 27 May 2005.

Withheld, A-2071
	Lived: ? - 15 Aug 2005 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1398
	Lived: ? - 11 Oct 2005 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Gregory Yob, A-1598
	Lived: 1945 - 13 Oct 2005 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient changed his name to Hara Ra. Remembering Hara Ra COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

2006

Withheld, CI-72
	Lived: ? - 17 Jan 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-73
	Lived: ? - 21 Mar 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-74
	Lived: ? - 15 May 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-75
	Lived: ? - 18 Oct 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-76
	Lived: ? - 28 Dec 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Thomas K. Donaldson, PhD., A-1097
	Lived: 1 Jan 1944 - 19 Jan 2006 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: * Wikipedia Entry COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Anita Riskin, A-1356
	Lived: ? - 6 Feb 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1237
	Lived: ? - 28 Feb 2006 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-2264
	Lived: ? - 20 Sep 2006 Type: Brain Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

2007

Withheld, CI-77
	Lived: ? - 9 Feb 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-78
	Lived: ? - 19 Mar 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-79
	Lived: ? - 27 Mar 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-80
	Lived: ? - 1 May 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-81
	Lived: ? - 11 Jun 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-82
	Lived: ? - 3-Jul-2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-83
	Lived: ? - 3 Aug 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Viola Dufault, CI-84
	Lived: ? - 22-Sep-2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-85
	Lived: ? - 20 Oct 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-1411
	Lived: ? - 5 Apr 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, A-2309
	Lived: ? - 18 Jul 2007 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

2008

Withheld, CI-86
	Lived: ? - 9 Feb 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Theo Tatton, CI-87

Lived: ? - 28 Feb 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient had served as the president of the Cryonics Association of Australia for over a decade, before resigning due to health concerns. He had helped in the cryopreservation of Roy Schiavello, Australia's first cryonics patient. At the time of his cryopreservation, he was a 71-year-old retired teacher and father of five children: three sons and two daughters COD: Prostate cancer (Metastasized to bones and abdomen). Ischemia: The patient was pronounced immediately after clinical death by his physician. His two sons and a CAA member (Joe Allan) placed him in a bag containing ice and covered him in a blanket for insulation. He was given 25,000 IU of Heparin and Clexane before being placed in a CAA-built shipping container packed with dry ice and shipped to the United States. Arrival took five days. Procedure: When the container was opened it was found that the patient had frozen. Vitrification was attempted, and perfusion lasted an hour before resistance to flow due to ice damage became evident, and the patient was cooled as fast as possible to the glass transition point. Case Report

Withheld, CI-88
	Lived: ? - 2 Jun 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-89
	Lived: ? - 7 Jun 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-90
	Lived: ? - 20 Jun 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Jack Zinn, CI-91
	Lived: ? - 10 Nov 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-1864
	Lived: ? - 1 Jan 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Rose Selkovitch, A-2340
	Lived: ? - 29 Mar 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1026
	Lived: ? - 30 Apr 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1831
	Lived: ? - 10 May 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1212
	Lived: ? - 23 July 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1407
	Lived: ? - 8 Sep 2008 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Ivy Gladys Eyre, A-2404
	Lived: ? - 6 Oct 2008 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

2009

Orville Richardson, A-2098
	Lived: ? - 19 Feb 2009 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: The patient was received at Alcor September 3, 2010. Case Summary

Withheld, A-2061
	Lived: ? - 7 Jun 2009 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2420
	Lived: ? - 25 Jul 2009 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary Case Report

Withheld, A-2435
	Lived: ? - 9 Aug 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary Case Report

Withheld, A-2219
	Lived: ? - 3 Dec 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, CI-92
	Lived: ? - 39 Apr 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: * Case Report Procedure:

William O'Rights (Billie Joe Bonsall), CI-93
	Lived: ? - 15 May 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-94
	Lived: ? - 3 Jul 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Curtis Henderson, CI-95

Lived: 28 Sep 1926 - 3 Jul 2009 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a pioneer of cryonics. In the sixties he founded the Cryonics Society of New York. He was the the mentor of Mike Darwin. COD: Liver failure. Ischemia: One hour twenty minutes of warm ischemia, twelve hours of cold ischemia. Procedure: CI director Ben Best thought adding polyethylene glycol to the cryoprotectant solution would inhibit the edema, after being told by his own researchers that PEG is incompatible with solutions containing DMSO. This mixture formed a thick gel; which was nevertheless injected into the patient. This clogged the filter; resulting in failure to vitrify the brain and massive injury from ice formation. Case Report Suspended Animation Case Report

2010s

2010

Withheld, CI-96
	Lived: ? - 16 Jun 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-97
	Lived: ? - 1 Jul 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-98
	Lived: ? - 9 Jul 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-99
	Lived: ? - 17 Sep 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-100
	Lived: ? - 20 Sep 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-101
	Lived: ? - 26 Oct 2010 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

2011

Withheld, CI-102
	Lived: ? - 23 Jan 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-103
	Lived: ? - 25 Jan 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2478
	Lived: ? - 25 Mar 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1408
	Lived: ? - 26 May 2011 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-2357
	Lived: ? - 17 Jun 2011 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, CI-104
	Lived: ? - 5 Jul 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Withheld, CI-105
	Lived: ? - 9 Jul 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Robert Ettinger, CI-106
	Lived: 4 Dec 1918 - 28 Jul 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: * Case Report COD: Natural causes. Ischemia: Head was in an ice bath within 30 seconds. Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2091
	Lived: ? - 18 Aug 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, CI-107
	Lived: ? - 31 Aug 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Dennis Ross, A-1088
	Lived: ? - 30 Oct 2011 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Massive intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

Withheld, A-1546
	Lived: ? - 9 Nov 2011 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary Case Report

Withheld, A-1277
	Lived: ? - 9 Dec 2011 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Summary

2012

Yuliya Vertelets'ka, CI-108
	Lived: 6 Apr 1990 - 3 Jan 2012 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Heart infarction, following an ice skating injury to the left leg. Ischemia: 24 hours of ischemic damage prior to being put in dry ice. The patient was stored for two weeks prior to being cooled to Liquid Nitrogen temperature. Procedure: * Case Report

William Reeves, CI-109

Lived: ? - 3 Mar 2012 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: * Case Report COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The medical examiner concluded that the patient died at 2 A.M., eight hours before being found on February 28, 2012. He was packed in water ice and shipped to London, where he was packed with small beads of dry ice; and arrived at the CI facilities on March 2. Procedure: The patient was cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen and stored in cryostat HSSV−6−12.

Withheld, CI-110
	Lived: ? - 4 Apr 2012 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, CI-111
	Lived: ? - 22 May 2012 Type: Whole Body Organization: Cryonics Institute Status: Stored Bio: COD: Unknown. Ischemia: Procedure:

Fred Rockwell Chamberlain III, A-1002
	Lived: 21 Nov 1935 - 22 Mar 2012 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: COD: A 19-year-long battle with prostate cancer. Ischemia: Procedure: * Case Report

Withheld, A-2628
	Lived: 1922 - 23 Jul 2012 Type: Whole Body Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 90-year-old male COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The body was heparinized and cooled at a local (Las Vegas) mortuary, and 22 hours after arrest was airlifted to Alcor. Cryoprotective perfusion began within six hours. Procedure: * Case Summary

John Monts, A-1646

Lived: 1944 - 31 Oct 2012 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 68 year old male who had been an Alcor member since January of 1997. COD: Unknown. Ischemia: The patient was robbed in the evening of his death, which made this an ME's case. The coroner agreed to limit the autopsy to an external cranial examination if Alcor conducted a CT scan and sent the results back. The patient was cooled in dry ice in the meantime. The patient arrived at Alcor in November 7. Procedure: * Case summary

2013

Kim Suozzi, A-2643

Lived: 10 Jun 1989 - 17 Jan 2013 Type: Neuro Organization: Alcor Status: Stored Bio: The patient was a 23-year-old female cognitive science student who was diagnosed with a GBM 10 centimeters away from her frontoparietal lobe. The tumor was removed in March 2011, but later reappeared in her brainstem. The patient enrolled in a clinical trial and was given a life expectancy of six months. The patient expressed interest in cryonics and both the Society for Venturism and Alcor helped run the charity that raised the funds for her cryopreservation. COD: Glioblastoma multiforme. Ischemia: Unknown. Procedure: Unknown.

Alternatives

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Freeze Drying

Freeze drying, also known as Lyophilization; consists of freezing tissue, then reducing the atmospheric pressure and applying heat to sublimate the water ice in it. A freeze drying machine is a large chamber of heated shelves. Its atmosphere is connected to a vacuum pump and exposed to refrigeration coils.

In the process, the solid is first frozen; creating damaging ice crystals. The vacuum pump lowers the pressure to .6 ATM; ten, the shelves are heated, and due to the low pressure, the ice sublimates directly. This process can take several days (A single (.1386Kg) human brain took 28 to freeze dry. Slicing it, however, reduced the time to 14 days.<ref>Freeze-Drying Biological Specimens: A Laboratory Manual</ref>).

The material, at least in the case of food, can be preserved for several years without decay.

The main advantages of Lyophilization are that the removal of water and oxygen from tissue will reduce decay, and that it does not require expensive equipment or maintenance. A secure container, however, must be obtained and inspected to ensure that Oxygen does not enter the tissues.

The reduced dependence on equipment increases the safety of the storage and reduces the vulnerability of the tissue. There is some overlap in the storage advantages (Namely very low cost and easy storage) of Plastination. Moreover, freeze-dried material can be cryogenically stored later on.

In terms of cost, a single Lyophilization machine, the Taxi-Dry runs at 'less than a dollar a day', and most machines capable of fitting a human brain, head or body cost above $10,000, significantly cheaper than the cheapest perfusion machine.

The most obvious disadvantage is the the Lyophilization process is very destructive it itself. Since freezing happens before dehydration, ice crystals form. When they sublimate, the structural integrity of the tissue is compromised, due to the pores this leaves behind. This might be a solvable problem, but for now, the process is more destructive than the standard Vitrification protocol. Freeze drying also leaves 2% moisture, reducing the storage time to mere years.

Plastination

Recently, the Brain Preservation Foundation has launched the Brain Preservation Technology Prize, a $100,000+ prize to anyone who can preserve an entire human brain for a long amount of time, such that every neurological feature is preserved and can be examined with today's electron microscopy. Ken Hayworth believes this will be a form of plastination.

Alcohol Storage

Alcohol storage is an old and still widely used preservation method. If storing whole organisms, removal of the intestines is required. Proper storage can be achieved with 70%-90% purity alcohol or methylated spirit. To better preserve the DNA, sodium chloride (Common salt) can be added. 5% Glycerine also supposedly protects the specimen should an accident cause the alcohol to escape or evaporate. The container should be sealed and stored in a dark and cool place, such as a freezer.

The container's alcohol should be replaced at least once, a few weeks after immersion (Or whenever the liquid starts to turn darker or cloudy), as body fluids seep out and contaminate the alcohol. The above-mentioned additives should only be added after the replacement of the alcohol.

While alcohol preservation is very cheap and easy to do, both commercially and DIY (All it takes it some alcohol, a glass container and a freezer), it is overall a very poor preservation method, at least from the perspective of what cryonics tries to achieve: Under a microscopy, they degrade into mush after only a few months.

While biological specimens can be stored for many decades without exterior degradation (Einstein's brain and the Tasmanian Tiger "clone pup", the latter remaining integral after 130 years of alcohol storage), it only preserves macroscopic structure, and maybe enough genetic material to make a clone. Another, less significant issue, is the flammability of alcohol.

Permafrost Burial

Distribution of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere. Map by Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal; data from International Permafrost Association, 1998. Circumpolar Active-Layer Permafrost System (CAPS), version 1.0.

Permafrost temperature profile.

Record Low Temperatures
Location	Lowest Recorder Temperature (Cº)
Vostok, Antarctica	-89.2ºC
Plateau Station, Antarctica	-84ºC
Oymyakon, Russia	-71.1ºC
Northice, Greenland	-66ºC
Snag, Yukon	-63ºC
Rogers Pass, Montana	-56.5ºC

• The Permafrost Papers

Roadmap

Cryoprotectant toxicity

• Non-toxic cryoprotectants
  • Fractures would still be a problem when around T_g.
    • Fractures in some cases will require vascular surgery (Katherine Mills; severed aorta) and in the worst cases organ transplantation & spinal cord replacement/regeneration (Janice Foote, almost severed lung, spinal cord severed in 3). See the postmortem examination.
• The Prometheus Project tried to achieve reversible brain cryopreservation, but this didn't pan out.

Research into Alternatives

• Alternatives to cryonics may produce low-cost solutions for long term storage of patients
• May also increase chances of revival and better preserve the tissues
• Things like plastination may be more easily accepted by the mainstream neuroscience community

Books

The Prospect of Immortality The Prospect of Immortality Robert Ettinger, 1962 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Buy Read online

The First Immortal: A Novel Of The Future The First Immortal: A Novel Of The Future James L. Halperin, 1998 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Buy Download

Man into Superman: The Startling Potential of Human Evolution -- And How To Be Part of It Man into Superman: The Startling Potential of Human Evolution -- And How To Be Part of It Robert Ettinger, 1972 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Buy Read online

Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are Sebastian Seung, 2012 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Buy

Resources

Links

• CryoEuro Wiki, an excellent collection of documents on Cryonics. Maintained mostly by Eugen Leitl.
• Organ Cryopreservation by Gregory Fahy.

Video

• Life after Death a video by the American Cryonics Society.
• A visit to Trans Time, featuring John Rodriguez.
• Alcor Conferences
  • 2006:
    • Cryonics: Neuropresrvation vs. Whole Body Panel Discussion
    • Ralph Merkle, Ph.D. - Nanotechnology and Cryonics (25 min)
    • Brian Wowk, Ph.D. - The Cryobiological Basis of Cryonics (42 min)
    • Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D. - SENS: A Precursor to Cryonic Revival (36 min)
    • J. Storrs Hall, Ph.D. - Cryonics: A Door into Summer (24 min)
• Cryogenics Pioneer Robert 'Bob' Ettinger Dies, Body Frozen Next to Mother, First and Second Wives
• The Limitless Future (Cryonics history)
• ACS Video Library
  • Life After Death: Nobody Gets Out of Here Alive (Footage of a suspension, interview with Jim Yount).
  • Sally Jessy Raphael interviews Richard Marsh, Margaret Bradshaw, Avi Ben-Abraham (1987)
  • ACS 20th Anniversary Celebration in 1989
  • Faith Daniels Show about Cryonics (1993) (With Jerry White, Fred and Linda Chamberlain, Charles Platt, his wife, and Carlos Mondragon.

Audio

• Mistakes Were Made, This American Life interview with Robert Nelson.

Publications

Cryonics Magazine

• Archives

Long Life Magazine

(Formerly The Immortalist (Formerly The Outlook)).

In Popular Culture

First and foremost, the urban legend that Walt Disney was cryopreserved is false. He was cremated in 1966. Before 1967, all cryopreservations occurred in mortuary, post-embalming conditions and were terminated by relatives shortly.

In television, perhaps the most well-known example of cryonics is the pilot episode of Futurama, where main character Fry, a pizza delivery boy, accidentally falls into a cryo chamber and wakes up in the year 2,999. A more accurate example is the episode Head Case of the TV series Castle; which was praised due to its accuracy by cryonics pioneer Mike Darwin<ref>Mike Darwin. Cryonics 'Castle' '- Link.</ref>.

The Head Case episode of TV series Castle depicts cryonics in an okay sort of way. (Too bad the cuckoo killer was [spoiler] the Cryonics-believing wife).

Alex Harris from Simon Funk's After Life had his body cryopreserved by Alcor after he died while being uploaded.

In Greg Egan's Zendegi, ultra-rationalist internet millionaire Nate Caplan is cryopreserved due to a terminal condition. Another character, an oil tycoon whose enthusiasm in a Senate hearing cut funding to a project to scan an entire human brain, was also cryopreserved after his death.

In Alpha Centauri, the crew of the UNS Unity; a fusion starship on a 40-year journey to Alpha Centauri, a stored in stasis.

The original Deus Ex has a secret area that the player can access, where former Illuminati (lol) leader Lucius DeBeers (Like the diamond company, get it? Nevermind...) was stored in a 'cryo pod' by his protegé, co-conspirator Morgan Everett, until the technology to revive him can be invented. Unknown to him, the technology has been available for some time, but Everett refuses to revive him to maintain power. Somehow DeBeers can continue to talk and think in the pod, and can talk to the player, who can tell him the truth; in which case DeBeers asks the player to kill him.

Cryonics plays a side role David Zindell's A Requiem for Homo Sapiens series. In the short story that spawned it, Shanidar, the main character's son is born without legs and is frozen in snow. His father rescues him and travels to the nearest city, where he is told that no cryonicist can bring him back to life. In Neverness, the main character's friend, Bardo, dies and falls into a river, where he's frozen and returned to the city for revival by the cryologists. Later, in The Wild, human-turned-God-turned-religious-computer Nikolos Daru Ede tells the main character how his body was cryopreserved (With a raging boner) after he was uploaded, then asks him to help him find the body so that he may be a man again.

Basically every interstellar passanger in The Rediscovery of Man and the Zones of Thought series. The main character in House of Suns prefers cryonic preservation to other methods of maintaining people for long interstellar flights.

Glossary

• 21CM: 21^st Century Medicine, Inc.
• ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate.
• BBB: Blood Brain Barrier.
• CNS: Central Nervous System.
• Corpscicle: See Patient.
• CPB: Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
• CPA: CryoProtectant Agent.
• CPS: CryoProtectant Solution.
• CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
• Cryostat: A custom-made, fiberglass storage tank of Liquid Nitrogen for cryopatients. It is not a dewar, due to the isolation being perlite surrounded by soft vacuum. It is used by the Cryonics Institute.
• CT: Computerized Tomography.
• Deanimate: 'Die', but not in the information-theoretic death. A term used to describe cryonicists who experience legal death and are cryopreserved.
• Deep Hypothermia:10-27ºC.
• Dewar: A container used to store Liquid Nitrogen. It consists of two containers, separated by a vacuum jacket in the middle. The vacuum provides isolation by preventing convective heat exchange.
• ECMO: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
• EM: Electron Microscope or Electron Microscopy.
• EMS: Emergency Medical System.
• HD: Hemodialysis.
• HLM: Heart Lung Machine.
• ICP: Intracranial Pressure.
• ITS: Intermediate Temperature Storage.
• LAPC: Liquid Assisted Pulmonary Cooling.
• ME Case: A cryonics patient who is autopsied prior to cryopreservation.
• MH: Mild Hypothermia; 33-35ºC.
• MI: Myocardial Infarction.
• MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
• MSOF: Multiple System Organ Failure.
• MW: Molecular Weight.
• Neuro: A type of patient for which only the head is stored.
• NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
• O₂: Oxygen.
• Patient: A cadaver under the custody of a cryonics organization.
• Perfuse: Infuse an organ or system with a fluid, in the case of cryonics, Cryoprotectant solutions.
• Perfusate: The solution that is used for perfusion.
• SAH: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
• SCA: Sudden Cardiac Arrest.
• T_g: The glass transition temperature.
• PIB: Portable Ice Bath.
• Whole Body: A type of patient for which the whole body is cryopreserved and stored.
• WBE: Whole Brain Emulation.

People

• Mike Darwin
• Eugene Leitl
• Gregory Fahy
• Jerry Leaf
• Robert Ettinger
• Fred and Linda Chamberlain
• Curtis Henderson
• Evan Cooper

See Also

• Life Extension
• Life Extension Society
• Immortalism

References

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